\(\newcommand{\bvec}{{\mathbf b}} \newcommand{\cvec}{{\mathbf c}} \newcommand{\dvec}{{\mathbf d}} \newcommand{\evec}{{\mathbf e}} \newcommand{\fvec}{{\mathbf f}} \newcommand{\qvec}{{\mathbf q}} \newcommand{\uvec}{{\mathbf u}} \newcommand{\vvec}{{\mathbf v}} \newcommand{\wvec}{{\mathbf w}} \newcommand{\xvec}{{\mathbf x}} \newcommand{\yvec}{{\mathbf y}} \newcommand{\zvec}{{\mathbf z}} \newcommand{\zerovec}{{\mathbf 0}} \newcommand{\real}{{\mathbb R}} \newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]} \newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]} \newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]} \newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]} \newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]} \newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]} \newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]} \newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]} \newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]} \renewcommand{\span}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}} \newcommand{\bcal}{{\cal B}} \newcommand{\ccal}{{\cal C}} \newcommand{\scal}{{\cal S}} \newcommand{\wcal}{{\cal W}} \newcommand{\ecal}{{\cal E}} \newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}} \newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}} \newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}} \newcommand{\rank}{\text{rank}} \newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}} \newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}} \newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|} \newcommand{\lt}{<} \newcommand{\gt}{>} \newcommand{\amp}{&} \)